First Aid Level 1: Managing Fractures, Head and Spinal Emergencies

Fractured bones and dislocated joints can be extremely painful, and debilitating. If not treated correctly, a more serious condition can result.

Head and spinal injuries are often treated as a result of the mechanism of injury, and may lead to possible permanent paralysis.

Fractures and Dislocations

A fracture is a break in the continuity of bone tissue whereas a dislocation occurs when a joint is forced out of its normal position and remains in that position...

CLASSIFICATION

Closed - A fracture/ dislocation occurs without a break in the skin surface. It can however still become an open fracture/ dislocation.

Open - A fracture/ dislocation is in contact with the atmosphere (the surface of the skin is broken).

Signs and Symptoms

History of trauma (snapping sound)
Pain
Swelling and discolouration
Deformity
No or limited movement
Shortening of the limb involved
Exposed bone
Abnormal movement
Irregularity of the skin surface
Tenderness
Crepitus (grating sound)
Loss of distal pulse
Loss of sensation
Muscle spasm

Treatment

Immobilise area

Immobilise - splint above and below the fractured site and the joints.
Stabilise and cover any protruding bones with sterile dressing (Ring bandages).
Check distal pulses and nerve function (sensation & motor) again.

Activate EMRS

(or transport patient to a medical centre)*

Care for Shock

(See Shock on page 19).

Treat any additional secondary injuries

If EMRS response time is questionable or you decide to transport, it is recommended that you splint the injured area. This will enhance the immobilisation and reduce the risk of additional injury.

Dislocation Injuries

Dislocation injuries must never be replaced / repositioned!

Splinting a fractured leg bone using the body as a natural splint

VARIOUS TYPES OF SPLINTING

Splinting of a Femur Fracture

Splinting of a Ankle Fracture

Splinting of a Humerus Fracture

Splinting of a Radius / Ulna Fracture

Sprains and strains

An injury to the body’s musculoskeletal system requires immediate care. Any unnecessary movement should be avoided. Prompt first aid may reduce trauma and accelerate healing. If you are not sure of the severity of injury, treat it as a fracture or dislocation.

Types of muscle injuries

Sprains occurs when ligaments and tissues around a particular joint are suddenly stretched or torn beyond its normal range.
Strains is when a muscle/ group of muscles is over-stretched and possibly torn by a violent or sudden movement.
Muscle Contusion results from a blow or a knock to a muscle.